Ashland University Catalog

BIOLOGY (BIO)

BIO 100 - HUMAN BIOLOGY

Prerequisite: None

This course addresses the questions of what it means for cells to be alive and how individual cells are integrated into a complex, self- regulating human organism capable of survival in its own right. This includes an examination of the functions of cells, the idea of homeostasis (physiological equilibrium) and the mechanisms of disease. Three lectures and one two- hour laboratory per week. This course does not count toward a biology major or minor. Meets Core credit for natural sciences. Offered every semester and online during the summer.

Credit: 4

BIO 103 - CONCEPTS IN BIOLOGY

Prerequisite: None

This course provides an introduction to the diverse ways that biologists study and understand the living world. Students will engage with the fundamental mechanisms of life by examining key discoveries in biology ranging from the molecular and cellular scale to the interactions of organisms at a global scale. Case studies in modern questions facing biologists will illustrate the process of science and demonstrate how it is used to understand the natural world. Students will use online and at home lab activities and field observations to conduct experiments and analyze data. This course is intended for non-science majors and cannot be used as elective credit for programs in the department of Biology/Toxicology. Meets Core credit for natural sciences.

Credit: 3

BIO 107 - PLANTS AND CIVILIZATION

Prerequisite: None

An examination from a global perspective of the role that plants have played in the history of civilization, with consideration of the biology and chemistry of plants, their availability in different parts of the world, and their uses for food, fiber, beverages, and medicine. Current issues in agriculture and plant biotechnology are also considered. Two lecture- discussion periods and one two-hour laboratory per week. This course does not count toward the biology major or minor. Meets Core credit for natural sciences. Offered each Fall.

Credit: 3

BIO 110 - ECOLOGY AND THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

Prerequisite: None

This course examines the characteristics of ecosystems, the ways in which they change with time, and the impact of human activities on those changes. Included in this will be the study of the science behind current issues such as biologic al resource management, pollution, and global climate change. Three lectures and one two-hour lab per week. This course does not count toward a biology major or minor. Offered each semester. Meets Core credit for natural sciences.

Credit: 4

BIO 111 - WETLANDS AND WATERWAYS

Prerequisite: None

This course is organized around the central question: How does the cycling of water shape the world in which we live? This course will use scientific method to investigate the ecological roles of aquatic ecosystems (streams and rivers, lakes, wetlands, groundwater) and to study the ways in which humans and other species alter the functioning of these ecosystems. Students will practice a variety of investigative techniques from library study to field and laboratory work, and they will exercise their skills in critical thinking and analysis. Written and oral communications will also be emphasized. This course does not count toward a biology major or minor. Meets Core credit for natural sciences. Not currently on the standard rotation.

Credit: 3

BIO 125-126 - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I & II

Prerequisite: BIO 125 for 126

A systematic study of the structure and function of the vertebrate body with particular reference to man. Two one-hour lectures and one two-hour laboratory period per week. Not currently on the standard rotation.

Credit: 3-3

BIO 129 - DRUGS, POISONS, POLLUTANTS, AND THE HUMAN PERCEPTION OF RISK

Prerequisite: None

In this course, students will learn about the basic principles of toxicology, the study of poisons and their effects on the body. Discussions will revolve around the central theme of risk as it relates to potentially toxic chemicals that we are exposed to in our everyday lives. Specifically, students will learn to distinguish between chemicals that are truly dangerous and those that are only perceived to be dangerous by critically evaluating competing predictions of toxicity from potentially biased rival sources. They will also learn how to assess the actual risk posed to living organisms from contamination, which is often contrary to the information that is presented to the public by various media, industry, and environmental groups. In addition, students will learn how contamination produced on a local scale can ultimately become a risk to the entire global community. This course does not count toward a biology or toxicology major or minor. Meets Core credit for natural sciences. Offered Fall semesters.

Credit: 3

BIO 130 - INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY

Prerequisite: None

Introduction to the science of toxicology focusing on broad general principles and their applications to current issues and events. Not currently on the standard rotation.

Credit: 1

BIO 201 - MOLECULAR & CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE

Prerequisite: High school biology and chemistry or equivalent strongly recommended

This course centers on the question: What are the molecular and cellular processes that define life, and how are they sustained from generation to generation? In the process of studying this question, students will have the opportunity to examine the application of the scientific method to the study of the fundamentals of cellular structure and function, as well as to investigate the molecular transmission of information from generation to generation and the integration of cells into whole functioning organisms. Three lectures and one 2-hour lab per week. This course is designed for science majors and those planning careers in the health sciences. Meets Core credit for natural sciences. Offered each semester.

Credit: 4

BIO 202 - ORGANISMS, ADAPTATION, AND DIVERSITY

Prerequisite: None

This course centers on the question: How do organisms solve the problems of survival, and how are the solutions that have evolved influenced by the environment? Students will examine how observed similarities and differences in organismal structure and function relate to environmental pressures, as well as studying how these observations can be used to construct a logical theory of evolutionary relationships between different organisms. In addition, the complex interactions that have developed between different organisms and between organisms and their environment will be examined. Three lectures and one 2-hour lab per week. This course is designed for science majors and those planning careers in the health sciences. Meets Core credit for natural sciences. Offered each semester.

Credit: 4

BIO 205 - GENERAL ZOOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 202

A study of biological principles as they pertain to animals and a systematic study of the anatomy, physiology, ecology, behavior, and taxonomy of the major animal phyla. Three lectures and one two-hour laboratory period per week. Offered Spring of even years.

Credit: 4

BIO 207 - GENERAL BOTANY

Prerequisite: BIO 202

A systematic study of the anatomy, physiology, ecology, and taxonomy of taxonomy of plants. Three lectures and one two- hour laboratory period per week. Offered Fall of odd years.

Credit: 4

BIO 215 - FIELD ZOOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 202 OR BIO 205

A study of the principles of field study and the collection, preservation and identification of common vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Three lecture- laboratory periods and one three-hour laboratory/field trip per week. Offered Fall of odd years.

Credit: 4

BIO 217 - LOCAL FLORA

Prerequisite: BIO 202

A study of the principles of field study and classification of the common plants of north central Ohio. Two lecture/laboratory periods and one three-hour field trip per week. Not currently in the standard rotation.

Credit: 4

BIO 219 - ENTOMOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 202

A study of the diversity, taxonomy, morphology, ecology and behavior of insects, our most common and numerous animals. Three lectures and one three-hour laboratory/field trip per week. Offered Fall of even years.

Credit: 4

BIO 222 - HEALTH SCIENCES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I

Prerequisite: Enrollment in nursing, athletic training, dietetics, or psychology major

The first in a two-course series on human anatomy and physiology for nursing students. The course encompasses the anatomical and physiological body functions. It includes basic anatomical and directional terminology; fundamental concepts and principles of cell biology; histology, the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, special senses, and endocrine systems as they pertain to the clinical setting. Students will use models, tissue slides and the dissection of cadavers during lab periods. Offered every semester.

Credit: 4

BIO 223 - HEALTH SCIENCES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II

Prerequisite: BIO 222, Enrollment in nursing, athletic training, dietetics, or psychology major

The second in a two-course series on human anatomy and physiology for nursing students. The course encompasses the anatomical and physiological and some clinical pathology as it pertains to blood, the cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems of the human body. Students will use models, tissue slides, diagnostic equipment and the dissection of cadavers during lab periods. Offered every semester.

Credit: 4

BIO 224 - INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 201

This course will introduce students to the fundamental issues and themes in biotechnology. The emphasis is placed on the applications of biotechnology to the environmental science, pharmaceutical, and agriculture industries. In addition, the course will focus on specific techniques and methodologies employed by the biotechnology industry. Students will also gain exposure to the regulatory policies and procedures involved in bringing biotech products to the marketplace, and the bioethical issues and controversies associated with advances in biotechnology and medicine. Not currently in the standard rotation.

Credit: 3

BIO 234 - FORENSIC SCIENCE

Prerequisite: Four hours of biology and four hours of chemistry

This course explores the application of scientific methods and techniques to problems in the field of forensic science. Topics considered include analysis of hair, fiber, and other materials, fingerprinting, forensic serology and toxicology, and DNA analysis. Offered spring semester of odd years.

Credit: 3

BIO 240 - MICROBIOLOGY FOR NURSING

Prerequisite: Enrollment as nursing major

This course focuses on the basics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiology. Topics covered include cellular structure and function, microbial growth and metabolism, microbial genetics, microbial diversity and evolution, and interactions between microbes and humans, with a focus on microbial pathogens, disease transmission, the host immune system, and antimicrobial chemotherapy. This is a laboratory-intensive course designed to provide students with hands-on experience manipulating biological samples. Class will combine both lecture and lab sessions. This course does not provide credit toward the biology major or minor. Offered every semester.

Credit: 4

BIO 276 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SEMINAR

Prerequisite: None; Seniors and Juniors may register by permission of instructor only

A seminar course that examines selected environmental science topics in conjunction with the Environmental Lecture series. May be taken twice for credit. Biology majors may take this twice for biology elective credit. EVS/Biology majors may take this a second time for biology elective credit. Offered every spring. BIO/EVS credit.

Credit: 1

BIO 297 - INTRO TO LAB & FIELD RESEARCH

Prerequisite: Sophomore or Junior Status

This course is designed to introduce the student to biology research in the laboratory or field through individual instruction under the direction of a Biology/Toxicology faculty member. Graded S/U. To be arranged between each student and a faculty member.

Credit: 1

BIO 301 - PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION

Prerequisite: Biology/Toxicology/Env. Sci major and sophomore or junior status

This course begins to prepare biology students for their transition from college to a professional school, graduate school, or job. This course should be taken during the sophomore or junior year. Graded S/U. Offered each semester.

Credit: 1

BIO 303 - GENETICS

Prerequisite: BIO 201 and six hours of Biology

An introduction to modern genetics, including Mendelian principles, molecular genetics, cytogenetics, population genetics and quantitative genetic Three lectures and one two-hour laboratory per week. Offered each semester.

Credit: 4

BIO 304 - JOURNAL CLUB

Prerequisite: Biology major; Jr. or Sr. status

A discussion-based seminar style course in which students read, discuss and present primary research literature in the biological sciences. Students will enhance their ability to use literature search engines, the critical thinking and analytical skills to understand and critique research writing, and the communication skills necessary to present scientific information to their peers. Topics for the course will vary from year to year. Fulfills the Biology major requirement for a seminar course, and can be taken as an elective up to two times for all Biology and Toxicology majors. Offered every year in the Fall.

Credit: 1

BIO 305 - EVOLUTION

Prerequisite: BIO 202 or BIO 303 or concurrent

Evolution is considered to be the central unifying theory of biology. This course will address several questions: What is the classical and modern evidence for evolution, what are the mechanisms for evolutionary change, and how do evolutionary biologists pose questions and study evolutionary processes? Topics will include biogeography, comparative anatomy and physiology, evolutionary development, comparative genomics, pathogen evolution, the origins of multicellularity, and the use of cladistics to make phylogenic inferences. Offered Fall semester of even years.

Credit: 3

BIO 310 - ECOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 202

A study of living organisms in their relations to each other and to their environment. Three lectures and one three-hour laboratory/field trip per week. Offered Fall semester of odd years.

Credit: 4

BIO 324 - INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)

Prerequisite: None

This course covers the fundamental principles of geographic information systems (GIS), which is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and database technology into computer-based systems that capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data for a wide variety of applications and purposes, but with the goal of informed decision-making. Students will learn how to create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data in maps, and present the results of all these operations, primarily applying these to geological and environmental systems. BIO/EVS/GEOL credit. Offered Spring semester of even years.

Credit: 4

BIO 325-326 - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I & II

Prerequisite: BIO 201; 325 for 326

This course is designed to impart the in-depth knowledge of anatomy and physiology needed by preprofessional students planning careers in medical or allied health fields as well as those interested in graduate study. Offered each year.

Credit: 4-4

BIO 327 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 202

This course examines how plants work at the biochemical, cellular, and organizational levels. Topics include photosynthesis, how plants acquire and transport materials, environmental and hormonal regulation of growth and development, physiological ecology, secondary metabolism, plant defenses, and genome organization. Lab will involve student-designed experiments using the greenhouse and growth chambers, the portable photosynthesis system and other lab equipment, as well as molecular techniques. Three lectures and one two-hour laboratory period each week. Offered Spring semester of even years.

Credit: 4

BIO 328 - VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 202

This course will introduce students to the broad field of vertebrate biology. We will use vertebrate diversity as a framework for examining the ways that this group of animals has come to dominate all of the world’s habitats. The course will examine anatomy, physiology, ecology, behavior and biogeography in relation to the vertebrate evolutionary story that dates back over 500 million years. Offered Spring semester of odd years.

Credit: 4

BIO 329 - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 202, BIO 303

This course examines development of living organisms, with primary emphasis on vertebrate animal development, but including important developmental concepts related to invertebrate animals and to flowering plants. Study includes reproductive anatomy and physiology, morphology, cell fate, potency and determination, genomic equivalence, developmental regulation, cellular differentiation, the roles of Hox genes and apoptosis in development, and pattern formation. Not currently in the standard rotation.

Credit: 4

BIO 330 - PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 201, BIO 202, CHEM 104

This course will focus on the basic principles of toxicology, the study of poisons. Topics covered include molecular and cellular sites of action of toxicants, carcinogenesis, and teratology, as well as physiological effects of toxicants on the nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, immune system, and other organ systems. The actions of environmental toxicants on ecological systems will also be explored. Offered each fall semester.

Credit: 3

BIO 331 - METHODS IN TOXICOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 330

In this course, students will learn about the methods and techniques that are commonly utilized in toxicology laboratories. Guided by peer-reviewed scientific literature, students will formulate hypotheses, conduct experiments, analyze data, and compile results for a variety of bioassays. Topics covered include toxicity testing with animals and plants, testing with chemical mixtures, modeling and statistical analysis of toxicological data, collection, extraction, and analysis of biological tissue and environmental media, and proper care and handling of research animals. Offered Spring semester of even years.

Credit: 4

BIO 332 - TOXIC AGENTS

Prerequisite: BIO 330

In this course, students will explore the different classes of chemical toxins and their effects on living organisms. They will learn about toxic activities, physical properties, regulatory status, and current/historic uses of various poisons, pesticides, and environmental toxins. Emphasis is placed upon the medical, agricultural, environmental, residential, and commercial significance of these substances. Classes of chemicals that will be discussed include toxic metals, non-metal inorganic toxins, organic pesticides (particularly insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides), chemical warfare agents, non-pesticides organic toxins, solvents and vapors, plant and fungal toxins, and animal venoms. Offered spring semester of odd years.

Credit: 3

BIO 340 - MICROBIOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 201 and CHEM 104

This course explores the characteristics of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi, with an emphasis on bacteria. Topics discussed include cellular structure and function, molecular genetics of bacteria, microbial metabolism and physiology, microbial diversity and ecology, and mechanisms of pathogenesis and host immunity. Through this course students will gain a deeper understanding of the microbial world and its relevance to human life, and master the tools and techniques necessary for successful laboratory investigations involving microbes. Offered each Spring.

Credit: 4

BIO 348 - EMERGING PATHOGENS

Prerequisite: BIO 240 or 340

A course designed to give the student an understanding of factors that lead to the emergence of new human pathogens. Emerging diseases such as HIV, Mad Cow disease, Dengue Fever, and E.coli H157 are discussed. Offered Fall semester of even years.

Credit: 3

BIO 403 - ADVANCED GENETICS

Prerequisite: BIO 303 CHEM 307

This course considers viral and bacterial genetics molecular aspects of gene regulation, recombinant DNA technology and current applications of genetic Three lectures and one two-hour lab per week. Not currently in the standard rotation.

Credit: 4

BIO 410 - BIOLOGY FIELD STUDY

Prerequisite: 12 hours of biology

Studies unique habitats and natural areas through intensive on-site exploration to develop an appreciation for the complex interactions that have shaped various natural areas and how these areas are significant to our knowledge of biological diversity. Not currently in the standard rotation.

Credit: 1-6

BIO 410A - THE ECOLOGY OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS

Prerequisite: 12 hours of biology

A study of the unique features that have make The Great Smoky Mountains one of the most diverse temperate regions on earth. We study the complex ecological interactions that have shaped this unique area and how the Smokies have influenced even the Ashland area. There are two weeks of on- campus classroom preparations, then one week of study in The Smokies and a final class session after returning. Not currently in the standard rotation.

Credit: 2/4

BIO 411 - LIMNOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 202

This class introduces the fundamental concepts of limnology, the study of lakes, rivers, and wetland ecosystems. Limnology is an integrative science that investigates the physical, chemical, biological, and ecological properties and processes of fresh water environments. Therefore, we will discuss fundamental concepts and questions about how aquatic ecosystems affect organisms from different perspectives. We will also practice basic techniques for measuring and experimentation, and evaluate current research through a variety of approaches. 3-hour lecture and one 3-hour lab per week. Offered Spring of odd years.

Credit: 4

BIO 412 - MARINE BIOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 202

This course will examine the marine environment with a focus on marine ecology. Topics covered will include physical and chemical processes in the ocean, marine biodiversity and ecology, and human impact on the oceans. The course includes a hands-on lab component utilizing the department's marine aquarium and collection of marine organisms. The semester concludes with a field trip to the Atlantic coast. Offered spring semester of even years.

Credit: 4

BIO 415 - ETHOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 205

A study of animal behavior and its genetic, evolutionary and ecological aspects. Three lectures and one three-hour laboratory-field trip per week. Not currently in the standard rotation.

Credit: 4

BIO 420 - HISTOLOGY

Prerequisite: 16 hours of biology

This course is an in-depth study of the organization of the cells, tissues, and major organs of the body. An emphasis is placed upon identification of tissues and organs from mammalian systems. Students learn to identify cell types, tissue types, and organs by examination of prepared and ektachrome slides from our large histological slide collection. 2 hours of lecture in addition to one 2 hour lab per week. Not currently in the standard rotation.

Credit: 3

BIO 423 - PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY I

Prerequisite: 16 hours of biology; CHEM 307

A study of the principles of pharmacology, including drug administration, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic and/or toxic effects of commonly used drugs. Focus is on the action of drugs on the autonomic and central nervous systems. Offered each fall.

Credit: 3

BIO 424 - CELL BIOLOGY

Prerequisite: 12 hours of biology, BIO 303 or corequisite

This course examines multiple aspects of the biology of the cell as the fundamental unit of life. Emphasis is placed upon both the cellular and molecular details of eukaryotic cell structure and function with careful consideration given to the evolutionary relationships that exist between species. Topics covered include biomolecules, the plasma membrane, cellular organelles, membrane trafficking, cell signaling, the cytoskeleton, the cell cycle, and programmed cell death. In this course, students will not only have the opportunity to learn basic cell biology, but also to improve their critical thinking skills, and gain hands-on experience with modern laboratory equipment. 3 hours of lecture and one 3 hour lab per week. Offered Fall semester of odd years.

Credit: 4

BIO 425 - ADV HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Prerequisite: 16 hours of biology

This course examines the human being from the physiological perspective. Emphasis is placed on understanding the biological, chemical, and physical aspects of the major organ systems of the body; nervous, muscle, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive, endocrine and reproductive. Each system is studied from the perspective of how that system functions independently within the human body, and how it contributes to the overall functioning of the human being. 3 hours of lecture, and 2 hours of lab per week. Offered each Spring.

Credit: 4

BIO 428 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 303

This course examines several topics in molecular biology including gene structure, transcription regulation, RNA processing, molecular evolutionary biology, translation, bioinformatics, and the techniques used by molecular biologists to study these topics. This course emphasizes the development of a molecular biological vocabulary, the development of critical thinking skills, and an intense lab experience. 2 hours of lecture and one 4-hour lab per week. Offered Spring semester of odd years.

Credit: 4

BIO 429 - BIOCHEMISTRY

Prerequisite: See CHEM 429 for course descriptions.

Credit: 3-4

BIO 433 - PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY II

Prerequisite: BIO 423

Further study of effects of drugs and toxicants. Includes the study of drugs which affect cardiovascular, urinary, gastrointestinal, respiratory, immune, and endocrine systems. Also covered are antibiotics, chemotherapy, and a survey of major classes of toxicants (solvents, pesticides, and heavy metals). Offered each spring.

Credit: 3

BIO 439 - ADVANCED TOPICS IN BIOCHEMISTRY

Prerequisite: See CHEM 439 for course descriptions.

Credit: 3

BIO 449 - VIROLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 340 or BIO 424 or BIO 428

This course examines the characteristics of viruses, including those that infect bacteria, plants, insects, and man. Topics discussed include replication strategies of various viruses, bacteriophages as agents of evolution, pathology of mammalian viruses, prevention and treatment of viral disease, associations between viral infection and cancer, and the transmission of viruses from host to host. Not currently in the standard rotation.

Credit: 3

BIO 454 - IMMUNOLOGY

Prerequisite: BIO 340 or BIO 424 or BIO 428

The study of the host's response to infectious diseases. Topics discussed include generation of antibody diversity, interactions between antigens and antibodies, T-cell and B-cell activation and function, the complement system, autoimmune disorders, acquired immune disorders, immunological memory, and vaccination strategies. Laboratory activities include antibody preparation, gel diffusion assays, Western Blotting, and ELISA. Not currently in the standard rotation.

Credit: 4

BIO 476 - ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Prerequisite: 30 hours of science courses (MATH, BIO, CHEM, EVS, GEOL, PHYS)

A detailed examination of the scientific dimensions of selected environmental issues, with discussion of the economic policy, and ethical aspects of those problems and with emphasis on global and international perspectives. Case studies will include many examples from other countries, as well as national and regional issues in the U.S. Required for all EVS majors. Biology & Geology majors (but not EVS/Biology or EVS/Geology majors) may use this course as a biology or geology elective. Offered every spring. BIO/EVS/GEOL credit.

Credit: 3

BIO 480 - ADVANCED TOPICS IN BIOLOGY/TOXICOLOGY

Prerequisite: Junior standing

This course is designed to offer in-depth study of a selected advanced topic at a level appropriate to junior and senior majors in biology/toxicology and related areas. May be repeated for credit as topics change. Offered occasionally.

Credit: 1-4

BIO 493 - PROFESSIONAL INTERNSHIP

Prerequisite: 12 hours of resident credit, junior or senior standing and permission of department chair

A course designed to allow advanced biology students to gain practical experience in an area of potential career interest. Students will work under the guidance of an on-site supervisor, following a learning plan to be developed jointly by the supervisor, the student, and a faculty advisor. Graded S/U.

Credit: 1-16

BIO 495 - BIOLOGY SENIOR SEMINAR

Prerequisite: Senior status in Biology, Toxicology, Env. sci./Bio.

This course asks the question, What should a well-educated biologist know, and serves as a review of the important topics that all biology majors should be familiar with upon graduation. Spring semester of the senior year.

Credit: 1

BIO 497 - DIRECTED LABORATORY & FIELD RESEARCH

Prerequisite: Permission of instructor

A directed research project supervised by individual faculty which is designed to provide the student with experience in the methods of biological research, including experimental design, use of instrumentation, analysis of results, and presentation of the study in the format of a scientific paper. May be repeated for up to 12 credit hours.

Credit: 1-3

BIO 525 - ADVANCED HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Prerequisite:

This course examines the human being from the physiological perspective. Emphasis is placed on understanding the biological, chemical, and physical aspects of the major organ systems of the body: nervous, muscle, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive, endocrine and reproductive. Each system is studied from the perspective of how that system functions independently within the human body and how it contributes to the overall functioning of the human being. The course meets for three hours of lecture and two hours of laboratory per week. It is offered each spring semester.

Credit: 4

BIO 610 - BIOLOGY FIELD STUDY: THE ECOLOGY OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS

Prerequisite:

The purpose of this course is to study unique characteristics of The Great Smoky Mountains, to develop an appreciation of the complex interactions that have shaped this unique area, and how The Smokies have influenced even the Ashland area. Fee required to cover cost of travel expenses to Great Smokey Mountains.

Credit: 4

BIO 640 - SPECIAL TOPICS

Prerequisite:

Individual or group studies of course work in biology. Graduate standing, permission of the professor of record, and the approval of the director of graduate studies in education.

Credit: 1

Medical Laboratory Science Program courses:

The following courses are part of the Comprehensive major in Biology with a concentration in Medical Laboratory Science and are only taught at a clinical partner program at Akron Children's Hospital or the Cleveland Clinic. Students taking them must be seniors who have been accepted into the partner program's Medical Laboratory Science Program.

BIO 457 - INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE